Approach to the Study of Verbal Reinforcement in Psychotherapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55414/0zsymf79Keywords:
Verbal reinforcement , Therapeutic interaction, Process research , Clinical behavior analysis , Sequential microanalysisAbstract
Verbal reinforcement stands as a pivotal procedure implicated in behavioral change across various therapeutic modalities. It constitutes a fundamental tenet of behavioral principles, yet its verbal manifestation in clinical contexts remains relatively underexplored. This study aims to comprehensively examine this phenomenon and contribute insights into how therapists employ positive verbal reinforcement throughout different phases of psychological interventions. An analysis of 60 clinical sessions in behavioral therapy employs a systematic categorization of therapist and client verbal behavior designed to scrutinize therapeutic interaction. The findings suggest that therapists employ verbal reinforcement by expressing nuanced levels of approval contingent on the nature of client verbalizations. This research underscores the efficacy of observational methodology in probing processes that elucidate clinical change, shedding light on the role of verbal reinforcement procedures and their interplay with other potential functions of therapist verbal behavior.
Downloads
References
Axea, J.B., Tullisb, C.A., Davisa, C.R. y Lia, M.H. (2023). Preference assessment and reinforcer evaluation. En J.K. Luiselli (Ed.), Applied behavior analysis. Advanced guidebook: A manual for professional practice (pp. 3-32). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99594-8.00001-5
Bakeman, R. (2000). Behavioural observation and coding. En H.T. Reis y C.M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 138-159). Cambridge University Press.
Bakeman, R. y Gottman, J.M. (1989). Observación de la interacción: introducción al análisis secuencial. Ediciones Morata. (Trabajo original publicado en 1986).
Bakeman, R. y Gottman, J.M. (1997). Observing interaction: An introduction to sequential analysis (2nd Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Bakeman, R. y Quera, V. (1995). Analyzing interaction: Sequential analysis with SDIS & GSEQ. Cambridge University Press.
Bakeman, R., McArthur, D., Quera, V. y Robinson, B.F. (1997). Detecting sequential patterns and determining their reliability with fallible observers. Psychological Methods, 2(4), 357.
Busch, A.M., Kanter, J.W., Callaghan, G.M., Baruch, D.E., Weeks, C.E. y Berlin, K.S. (2009). A micro- process analysis of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy´s mechanism of change. Behavior Therapy, 40(3), 280- 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2008.07.003
Calero-Elvira, A. (2009). Análisis de la interacción entre terapeuta y cliente durante la aplicación de la técnica de reestructuración cognitiva (tesis doctoral). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Callaghan, G.M., Summers, C.J. y Weidman, M. (2003). The treatment of histrionic and narcissistic personality disorder behaviors: A singlesubject demonstration of clinical effectiveness using Functional Analytic Psychotherapy. Journal of Contemporany Psychotherapy, 33, 321- 339. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCP.0000004502.55597.81
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46.
Cooper, J.O., Heron, T.E. y Heward, W.L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd Ed.). Pearson.
De Pascual-Verdú, R., Trujillo-Sánchez, C., Gálvez-Delgado, E., Andrés-López, N., Castaño-Hurtado, R. y Froxán-Parga, M.X. (2019). Sistema ACOVEO: una propuesta funcional para el análisis de la interacción verbal en terapia. Conductual, 7, 2, 69-82
Domjam, M. (2007). Principios de aprendizaje y conducta. Editorial Paraninfo.
Echeburúa, E., Salaberría, K., de Corral, P. y Polo-López, R. (2010). Terapias psicológicas basadas en la evidencia: limitaciones y retos de futuro. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 19(3), 247-256.
Estal-Muñoz, V., Andrés-López, N., Pereira, G.L. y Froxán-Parga, M.X. (2023). Análisis del rol de las operaciones motivadoras en la interacción verbal terapéutica. Anales de Psicología 39(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.528891
Flora, S.R. (2004). The power of reinforcement. SUNY Press.
Ferro-García, R., Valero-Aguayo, L. y López-Bermúdez, M.Á. (2007). Novedades y aportaciones desde la Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional. Psicothema 452-458.
Ferster, C.B. (1972a). Clinical reinforcement. Seminars in Psychiatry, 4(2), 101-111.
Ferster, C.B. (1972b). An experimental analysis of clinical phenomena. The Psychological Record, 22, 1-16.
Follette, W.C. y Bonow, J.T. (2009). The challenge of understanding process in clinical behavior analysis: The case of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy. The Behavior Analyst, 32(1), 135-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392179
Follette, W.C., Naugle, A.E. y Callaghan, G.M. (1996). A radical behavioral understanding of the therapeutic relationship in effecting change. Behavior Therapy, 27(4), 623-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(96)80047-5
Froxán-Parga, M.X. (2020). Análisis funcional de la conducta humana: Concepto, metodología y aplicaciones. Ediciones Pirámide.
Froján-Parga, M.X. y Calero-Elvira, A. (2011). Guía para el uso de la reestructuración cognitiva como un procedimiento de moldeamiento. Psicología Conductual, 19(3), 659-682.
Gálvez-Lara, M., Corpas, J., Velasco, J. y Moriana, J.A. (2019). El conocimiento y el uso en la práctica clínica de los tratamientos psicológicos basados en la evidencia. Clínica y Salud, 30(3), 115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.5093/clysa2019a12
García, C.H., Almaguer, V., Sánchez, R.M., Martínez, M.G., Lambretón, G.R. y Lambretón, S. (1974). Efectos diferenciales de la alabanza verbal, retroalimentación de los resultados sobre el mantenimiento de la tasa de respuesta aritmética. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 8(1-2), 41-52.
Hall, R.V., Lund, D. y Jackson, D. (1968). Effects of teacher attention on study behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 1-12.
Hamilton, S.A. (1988). Behavioral formulations of verbal behavior in therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 181-193.
Haworth, K., Kanter, J.W., Tsai, M., Kuczynski, A.M., Rae, J.R. y Kohlenberg, R.J. (2015). Reinforcement matters: A preliminary, laboratory-based component-process analysis of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy’s model of social connection. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(4), 281- 291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.08.003
Hayes, S.C., Nelson, R.O. y Jarrett, R.B. (1987). The treatment utility of assessment: A functional approach to evaluating assessment quality. American Psychologist, 42(11), 963-974. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.42.11.963
Hayes, S.C. (1987). A contextual approach to therapeutic change. En N.S. Jacobson (Ed.), Psychotherapists in clinical practice: Cognitive and behavioral perspectives (pp. 327-387). Guilford.
Horner, R.H. (1994). Functional assessment: Contributions and future directions. Journal of ApplieBehavior Analysis, 27(2), 401-404. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-401
Kazdin, A.E. (2018). Developing treatments for antisocial behavior among children: Controlled trials and uncontrolled tribulations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(5), 634-650. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916187678
Karpiak, C.P. y Benjamin, L.S. (2004). Therapist affirmation and the process and outcome of psychotherapy: two sequential analytic studies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 659-676. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10248
Kohlenberg, R.J. y Tsai, M. (1991). Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Creating intense and curative therapeutic relationships. Plenum
Kohlenberg, R.J., Tsai, M. y Dougher, M.J. (1993). The dimensions of clinical behavior analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 16, 271-282.
Kohlenberg, R.J. y Tsai, M. (1995). Functional analytic psychotherapy: A behavioral approach to intensive treatment. En W. O’Donohue y L. Krasner (Eds.), Theories of behavior therapy. Exploring behavior change, (pp. 637-658). American Psychological Association.
Krasner, L. (1962). The therapist as a social reinforcement machine. En Research in psychotherapy (pp. 61-94). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10591-004
Landis, J.R. y Koch, G.G. (1977). An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers. Biometrics, 363-374.
Lorah, E.R., Tincani, M. y Parnell, A. (2019). Verbal behavior intervention in autism spectrum disorders. En S.G. Little & A. Akin-Little (Eds.), Applying psychology in the schools book series. Behavioral interventions in schools: Evidence-based positive strategies (pp. 263-284). American Psychological Association.
Muñoz-Martínez, A.M., Stanton, C.E., Ta, J.D., Molaie, A.M. y Follette, W.C. (2022). Linking process to outcome in Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Evaluating the behavioral mechanism of change of a process-based therapy. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 24, 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.04.001
Mowrer, O. (1954). The psychologist looks at language. American Psychologist, 9(11), 660-694. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062737
Moreno-Agostino, D., Galván-Domínguez, N. y Álvarez-Iglesias, A. (2015). La relación entre las verbalizaciones adaptativas del cliente y el comportamiento verbal del terapeuta en el contexto clínico. Clínica y Salud, 26(3), 131-139.
Northup, J., Vollmer, T.R. y Serrett, K. (1993). Publications trends in 25 years of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(4), 527-537. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-527
Pardo-Cebrian, R., Virués-Ortega, J., Calero-Elvira, A. y Guerrero-Escagedo, M.C. (2022b). Toward an experimental analysis of verbal shaping in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 32(4), 497-510. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2021.1955418
Pardo-Cebrián, R., Calero-Elvira, A. y Guerrero-Escagedo, M. C. (2022). Verbal behavior analysis of expert and inexperienced therapists applying the Socratic method. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 25, e19. https://doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2022.14
Pellón, R., Miguéns, M., Orgaz, C., Ortega, N. y Pérez, V. (2014). Psicología del aprendizaje. UNED.
Pereira, G.L., Ricote-Hernández, A., de Pascual-Verdú, R. y Froxán-Parga, M.X. (2019). Los procesos de condicionamiento clásico en la interacción verbal terapéutica. Revista mexicana de análisis de la conducta, 45(1), 90-110. https://doi.org/10.5514/rmac.v45.i1.70870
Quera, V. (1993). Análisis secuencial. En M.T. Anguera-Argilaga (Coord.), Metodología observacional en la investigación psicológica (pp. 343-583). Promociones y Publicaciones Universitarias.
Rogers, C.R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95- 103.
Rosenfarb, I.S. (1992). A behaviour analytic interpretation of the therapeutic relationship. Psychological Record, 42, 341-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399606
Ruiz-Sancho, E.M. (2011). Una aproximación funcional al estudio de la interacción verbal en terapia (tesis doctoral). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Sanz-Aparicio, T. y Rosique-Sanz, M.T. (2014). Usos del reforzador social en la atención temprana del niño con Síndrome de Down. Apuntes de Psicología, 32(2), 147-152. https://doi.org/10.55414/mk9wzw41
Skinner, B.F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. Appleton Century Crofts.
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Some contributions of an experimental analysis of behavior to psychology as a whole. American Psychologist, 8(2), 69-78.
Strosahl, K.D., Hayes, S.C., Wilson, K.G. y Gilford, E.V. (2005). An ACT premier: Core therapy processes, intervention strategies and therapist competencies. En S.C. Hayes y K.D. Strosahl (Eds.), A practical guide to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (pp. 31-58). Springer Science y Business Media, Inc.
Thorndike, E.L. (1911). Animal intelligence. Macmillan
Truax, C.B. (1966). Reinforcement and nonreinforcement in Rogerian psychotherapy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 1-9.
Tsai, M., Yoo, D., Hardebeck, E.J., Loudon, M.P. y Kohlenberg, R.J. (2019). Creating safe, evocative, attuned, and mutually vulnerable therapeutic beginnings: Strategies from Functional Analytic Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 56(1), 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000203
Vollmer, T.R. y Hackenberg, T.D. (2001). Reinforcement contingencies and social reinforcement: Some reciprocal relations between basic and applied research. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34(2), 241-253.
Zettle, R.D. (2020). Treatment manuals, single-subject designs, and evidence-based practice: A clinical behavior analytic perspective. The Psychological Record, 70(4), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00394-2
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Apuntes de Psicología
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
