Exploring Mental Health in Prison: an Analysis in the Program of Integrated Care for the Mentally Ill
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55414/pm476w38Keywords:
Severe Mental Disorder, PAIEM, penitentiary environment, pilot studyAbstract
Around 3.6% of the 11 million people incarcerated worldwide suffer from psychotic disorders, representing a prevalence four times higher compared to the general population. This phenomenon is linked to high rates of suicide among inmates, an increased risk of premature death after release, and a heightened likelihood of reoffending. In response to this reality, Spanish Penitentiary Institutions initiated a program in 2009 aimed at the comprehensive care of inmates with Severe Mental Disorders. The objective of this pilot study is to explore how anxiety, depression, and trauma-related disorders can affect inmates in two prisons in Lugo, gathering initial data to better understand the mental health challenges facing this population. The results revealed significant differences in the variables of anxiety, depression, and experiences of abuse, highlighting the importance of considering these factors in mental health care within the prison environment. These findings lay the groundwork for future research and advocate for more effective policies and programs to ensure adequate care in prisons.
Downloads
References
Bebbington, P., Jakobowitz, S., McKenzie, N., Killaspy, H., Iveson, R., Duffield, G. y Kerr, M. (2017). Assessing needs for psychiatric treatment in prisoners: 1. Prevalence of disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(2), 221-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1311-7
Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G. y Steer, R.A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.893
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Ball, R. y Ranieri, W. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventory-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588-597. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13
Bernstein, D.P. y Fink, L. (1998). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report (CTQ). NCS Pearson, Inc.
Botero-Ceballos, L.E., Arboleda-Amórtegui, G., Gómez-Fernández, A.M., García-Cardona, M. y Agudelo-Suárez, A.A. (2019). Depresión en personas recluidas en centros penitenciarios: revisión narrativa. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad del Cauca, 21(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.47373/rfcs.2019.v21.1259
Butler, A., Nicholls, T., Samji, H., Fabian, S. y Lavergne, M.R. (2022). Prevalence of mental health needs, substance use, and co-occurring disorders among people admitted to prison. Psychiatric Services, 73(7), 737-744. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000927
Caravaca-Sánchez, F., Falcón-Romero, M. y Luna-Maldonado, A. (2014). Agresiones físicas en prisión, la enfermedad mental como factor de riesgo asociado. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 16(3), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1575-06202014000300004
Dalbir, N., Wright, E.M. y Steiner, B. (2024). Mental illness, substance use, and co-occurring disorders among jail inmates: Prevalence, recidivism, and gender differences. Corrections: Policy, Practice and Research, 9(2) 264-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/23774657.2022.2090028
de Vries Robbé, M. y Willis, G.M. (2017). Assessment of protective factors in clinical practice. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 32(1), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.12.006
Duhig, M., Patterson, S., Connell, M., Foley, S., Capra, C., Dark, F., Gordon, A., Singh, S., Hides, L., McGrath, J.J. y Scott, J. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of childhood trauma in patients with early psychosis. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(7), 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415575379
Facer-Irwin, E., Blackwood, N.J., Bird, A., Dickson, H., McGlade, D., Alves-Costa, F. y MacManus, D. (2019). PTSD in prison settings: A systematic review and metaanalysis of comorbid mental disorders and problematic behaviours. PloS One, 14(9), e0222407. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222407
Fair, H. y Walmsley, R. (2021). World prison population list. Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research. https://www.prisonstudies.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/world_prison_population_list_13th_edition.pdf
Favril, L., Indig, D., Gear, C. y Wilhelm, K. (2020). Mental disorders and risk of suicide attempt in prisoners. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(9), 1145-1155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01851-7
Fazel, S. y Seewald, K. (2012). Severe mental illness in 33,588 prisoners worldwide: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 200(5), 364-373. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096370
Fernández, R., Serván, B., Medina, E., Vidal, V., Bravo, M.F. y Reneses, B. (2018). Conducta delictiva en las personas sin hogar con trastorno mental grave. Revista Española de Medicina Legal, 44(2), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reml.2017.09.003
Fovet, T., Plancke, L., Amariei, A., Benradia, I., Carton, F., Sy, A., Kyheng, M., Tasniere, G., Amad, A., Danel, T., Thomas, P. y Roelandt, J.L. (2020). Mental disorders on admission to jail: A study of prevalence and a comparison with a community sample in the north of France. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 63(1), e43. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.38
Fovet, T., Wathelet, M., Benbouriche, M., Benradia, I., Roelandt, J.L., Thomas, P., D’Hondt, F. y Rolland, B. (2022). Substance use, substance use disorders, and co-occurring psychiatric disorders in recently incarcerated men: A comparison with the general population. European Addiction Research, 28(5), 368-376. https://doi.org/10.1159/000526079
Franke, I., Vogel, T., Eher, R. y Dudeck, M. (2019). Prison mental healthcare: recent developments and future challenges. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 32(4), 342-347. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000504
Gibson, L.E., Alloy, L.B. y Ellman, L.M. (2016). Trauma and the psychosis spectrum: A review of symptom specificity and explanatory mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 49, 92-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003
Gottfried, E.D. y Christopher, S.C. (2017). Mental disorders among criminal offenders: A review of the literature. Journal of Correctional Health Care: The Official Journal of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care, 23(3), 336-346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345817716180
Hernández, A., Gallardo-Pujol, D., Pereda, N., Arntz, A., Bernstein, D.P., Gaviria, A.M., Labad, A., Valero, J. y Gutiérrez-Zotes, J.A. (2013). Initial validation of the Spanish childhood trauma questionnaire-short form: factor structure, reliability and association with parenting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(7), 1498-1518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512468240
Keen, C., Kinner, S.A., Young, J.T., Jang, K., Gan, W., Samji, H., Zhao, B., Krausz, M. y Slaunwhite, A. (2022). Prevalence of co‐occurring mental illness and substance use disorder and association with overdose: a linked data cohort study among residents of British Columbia, Canada. Addiction, 117(1), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15580
Klepfisz, G., Daffern, M. y Day, A. (2017). Understanding protective factors for violent reoffending in adults. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 32, 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.12.001
Lamberti, J.S., Katsetos, V., Jacobowitz, D.B. y Weisman, R.L. (2020). Psychosis, mania and criminal recidivism: Associations and implications for prevention. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(3), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000251
Li, R., Ma, X., Wang, G., Yang, J. y Wang, C. (2016). Why sex differences in schizophrenia? Journal of Translational Neuroscience, 1(1), 37-42. PMID: 29152382; PMCID: PMC5688947
Ministerio de Sanidad. (2022). Encuesta sobre salud y consumo de drogas en población interna en instituciones penitenciarias. https://pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/pdf/2022_ESDIP_Informe.pdf
Oliveros, B., Agulló-Tomás, E. y Márquez-Álvarez, L.J. (2022). Risk and protective factors of mental health conditions: Impact of employment, deprivation and social relationships. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116781
Pallarés-Neila, J. y Utrera-Canalejo, I. (2022). Salud mental y prisión, difícil encaje. Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría, 42(141), 207-213. https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/s0211-57352022000100013
Peters, R.H., Young, M.S., Rojas, E.C. y Gorey, C.M. (2017). Evidence-based treatment and supervision practices for cooccurring mental and substance use disorders in the criminal justice system. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 43(4), 475-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1303838
PRECA. (2011). Informe sobre prevalencia de trastornos mentales en centros penitenciarios españoles. https://www.consaludmental.org/publicaciones/EstudioPRECA.pdf
Reddon, J.R. y Durante, S.B. (2019). Prisoner exposure to nature: Benefits for wellbeing and citizenship. Medical Hypotheses, 123, 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2018.12.003
Salinas-Atuesta, K.V. y Salamanca-Camargo, Y. (2020). Correlación entre personalidad patológica y conducta delictiva en población penitenciaria. Diversitas, 16(1) 131-142. https://doi.org/10.15332/22563067.5545
Sanz, J., Gómez-Pintado, P., Ruiz, A., Pozuelo, F. y Arroyo, J.M. (2014). Programa de Atención Integral al Enfermo Mental en las prisiones españolas (PAIEM): valoración tras cuatro años de funcionamiento. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 16(3), 91-102. https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/sanipe/v16n3/05_original2.pdf
Sanz, J. y Navarro, M.E. (2003). Propiedades psicométricas de una versión española del Inventario de ansiedad de Beck (BAI) en estudiantes universitarios. Ansiedad y Estrés, 9, 59-84. https://www.ansiedadyestres.es/sites/default/files/rev/ucm/2003/anyes2003a6.pdf
Sanz, J., Perdigón, A.L. y Vázquez, C. (2003). Adaptación española del Inventario para la Depresión de Beck-II (BDIII): 2. Propiedades psicométricas en población general. Clínica y Salud, 14(3), 249-280. https:/journals.copmadrid.org/clysa/art/db8e1af0cb3aca1ae2d0018624204529
Schäfer, I. y Fisher, H.L. (2011). Childhood trauma and psychosis - what is the evidence? Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 13(3), 360-365. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2011.13.2/ischaefer
Secretaría General de Instituciones Penitenciarias (2009). Protocolo de aplicación del Programa marco de Atención Integral a Enfermos Mentales en centros penitenciarios (PAIEM). https://consaludmental.org/publicaciones/PAIEM.pdf
Secretaría General de Instituciones Penitenciarias (2016). Prevalencia de trastornos mentales en prisión: análisis de la relación con delitos y reincidencia. https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/pdf/archivos-y-documentacion/documentaciony-publicaciones/publicaciones-descargables/institucionespenitenciarias/Prevalencia_de_trastornos_mentales_en_prision_126170587_web.pdf
Semenza, D.C. y Grosholz, J.M. (2019). Mental and physical health in prison: how co-occurring conditions influence inmate misconduct. BMC Health & Justice, 7, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-018-0082-5
Serin, R.C., Chadwick, N. y Lloyd, C.D. (2016). Dynamic risk and protective factors. Psychology, Crime & Law: PC & L, 22(1-2), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2015.1112013
Setién-Suero, E., Suárez-Pinilla, P., Ferro, A., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Crespo-Facorro, B. y Ayesa-Arriola, R. (2020). Childhood trauma and substance use underlying psychosis: a systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1748342. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1748342
Stanton, K.J., Denietolis, B., Goodwin, B.J. y Dvir, Y. (2020). Childhood trauma and psychosis: An updated review. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29(1), 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2019.08.004
Van Duin, L., De Vries Robbé, M., Marhe, R., Bevaart, F., Zijlmans, J., Luijks, M.-J.A., Doreleijers, T.A.H. y Popma, A. (2021). Criminal history and adverse childhood experiences in relation to recidivism and social functioning in multi-problem young adults. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 48(5), 637-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820975455
Vicens, E., Tort, V., Dueñas, R.M., Muro, Á., Pérez‐Arnau, F., Arroyo, J.M., Acín, E., De Vicente, A., Guerrero, R., Lluch, J., Planella, R. y Sardá, P. (2011). The prevalence of mental disorders in Spanish prisons. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21(5), 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.815
Villagrá, P., Fernández, P., García-Vega, E. y González-Menéndez, A. (2019). Dual diagnosis in prisoners: Childhood sexual and physical abuse as predictors in men and women. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63(6), 960-970. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X13513560
Weatherburn, D., Albalawi, O., Chowdhury, N., Wand, H., Adily, A., Allnutt, S. y Butler, T. (2021). Does mental health treatment reduce recidivism among offenders with a psychotic illness? Journal of Criminology, 54(2), 239-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865821996426
Westcott, C., Waghorn, G., McLean, D., Statham, D. y Mowry, B. (2015). Interest in employment among people with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 18(2), 187-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487768.2014.954162
Zabala-Baños, M.C., Segura, A., Maestre-Miquel, C., Martínez-Lorca, M., Rodríguez-Martín, B., Romero, D. y Rodríguez, M. (2016). Prevalencia de trastorno mental y factores de riesgo asociados en tres prisiones de España. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 18(1), 13-23. https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S157506202016000100003
Zarse, E.M., Neff, M.R., Yoder, R., Hulvershorn, L., Chambers, J.E. y Chambers, R.A. (2019). The adverse childhood experiences questionnaire: Two decades of research on childhood trauma as a primary cause of adult mental illness, addiction, and medical diseases. Cogent Medicine, 6(1), 1581447. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205x.2019.1581447
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Apuntes de Psicología
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
