Preparing for the school-to-work transition: Effects of outdoor training on self-efficacy and perceived employability in university students

Authors

  • Miguel Ángel Garrido Torres Universidad de Sevilla (España)
  • Pablo Vergara Íñigo Universidad de Sevilla (España)
  • María Reyes Bueno Moreno Universidad de Sevilla (España)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70478/apuntes.psi.2026.44.17

Keywords:

Self-efficacy, Perceived employability, University students, Outdoor training, School-to-work transition

Abstract

Introduction. Perceived employability has been associated with several psychological resources, particularly selfefficacy. However, few studies have evaluated interventions aimed at strengthening this variable among university students.

Method. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group was conducted. Participants were 50 Andalusian university students (25 in each group), aged 17 to 24 years. The experimental group took part in a brief Outdoor Training intervention designed to enhance self-efficacy. The General Self-Efficacy Scale and the Perceived Employability Scale were administered before and after the intervention. 

Results. Significant increases in self-efficacy and perceived employability were found in the experimental group, whereas the control group remained stable. Significant Time × Group interaction effects were observed for both variables. Furthermore, posttest self-efficacy was significantly associated with posttest perceived employability after controlling for baseline employability. No significant gender differences were found.

Discussion. Findings suggest that brief Outdoor Training interventions may contribute to enhancing self-efficacy and perceived employability among university students.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Baessler, Judith y Schwarzer, Ralf (1996). Evaluación de la autoeficacia: adaptación española de la escala de autoeficacia general. Ansiedad y Estrés, 2(1), 1–8.

Bandura, Albert (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

Bandura, Albert (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman.

Berntson, Erik; Näswall, Katharina y Sverke, Magnus (2008). Investigating the relationship between employability and self-efficacy: A cross-lagged analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17(4), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320801969699

Betz, Nancy E. y Hackett, Gail (2006). Career self-efficacy theory: Back to the future. Journal of Career Assessment, 14(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072705281347

Coetzee, Melinde y Oosthuizen, Rudolf M. (2012). Students’ sense of coherence, study engagement and self-efficacy in relation to their study and employability satisfaction. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 22(3), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2012.10820536

Comisión Europea (2020a). Comunicación de la Comisión al Parlamento Europeo, al Consejo, al Comité Económico y Social Europeo y al Comité de las Regiones relativa a la consecución del Espacio Europeo de Educación de aquí a 2025 (COM (2020) 625 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0625

Comisión Europea (2020b). Plan de Acción de Educación Digital 2021-2027: Adaptar la educación y la formación a la era digital (COM (2020) 624 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0624

Covarrubias, Carmen G. y Mendoza, Michelle (2015). Sentimiento de autoeficacia en una muestra de profesores chilenos desde las perspectivas de género y experiencia. Estudios Pedagógicos, 41(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07052015000100004

Fugate, Mel; Kinicki, Angelo J. y Ashforth, Blake E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 14–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.005

García-Carrera, Paula; García-Segura, Sonia y Falla, Daniel (2023). El papel de la autoeficacia y el engagement académico en la percepción de empleabilidad del alumnado universitario de Educación y Psicología. Revista Complutense de Educación, 34(2), 357-365. https://doi. org/10.5209/rced.79311

Hernández-Fernaud, Estefanía; Ramos-Sapena, Yeray; Negrín, Fátima; Ruiz de la Rosa, Carmen I. y Hernández, Bernardo (2011). Empleabilidad percibida y autoeficacia para la búsqueda de empleo en universitarios. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 27(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.5093/tr2011v27n2a5

Kolb, David A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall.

Lee, Soyoung (2021). Researching higher education as students’ academic self-formation. Centre for Global Higher Education, University of Oxford. https://doi.org/10.5287/ora-qqjmggkx6

Lent, Robert W.; Brown, Steven D. y Hackett, Gail (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027

Li, Zhinan (2026). Effects of outdoor experiential education and adventure based training on students’ self-efficacy: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Journal of Experiential Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10538259261478523

Marginson, Simon (2014). Student self-formation in international education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 18(1), 6–22. https://doi. org/10.1177/1028315313513036

McEvoy, Glenn M. y Buller, Paul F. (1997). The power of outdoor management development. Journal of Management Development, 16(3), 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719710164355

McGraw, Peter (1994). Back from the mountain: Outdoor management development programs and how to ensure the transfer of skills to the workplace. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 31(3), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841119403100304

McQuaid, Ronald W. y Lindsay, Colin (2005). The concept of employability. Urban Studies, 42(2), 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000316100

Ministerio de Universidades (2023). Plan de acción para el desarrollo de microcredenciales universitarias en España. https://www.ciencia.gob.es/dam/jcr:748976df-d636-4aeb-895e-2a2f9e3f5f40/Plan_accion_microcredenciales.pdf

Molina-Gómez, Jesús; Morales-Rodríguez, Francisco M. y Mercadé-Melé, Pere (2024). Self-esteem and general self-efficacy in an outdoor training program in university students. Estudios sobre Educación, 46, 141–172. https://doi.org/10.15581/004.46.007

Ngo, Hang-yue; Liu, Huimin y Cheung, Francis (2017). Perceived employability of Hong Kong employees: Its antecedents, moderator and outcomes. Personnel Review, 46(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2015-0015

Rothwell, Andrew y Arnold, John (2007). Self-perceived employability: Development and validation of a scale. Personnel Review, 36(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480710716704

Sanjuán-Suárez, Pilar; Pérez-García, Ana M. y Bermúdez-Moreno, José (2000). Escala de autoeficacia general: Datos psicométricos de la adaptación para población española. Psicothema, 12, 509–513. https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/PST/article/view/7741

Stajkovic, Alexander D. y Luthans, Fred (1998). Self-efficacy and workrelated performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 240–261. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240

Vanhercke, Dorien; De Cuyper, Nele; Peeters, Ellen y De Witte, Hans (2014). Defining perceived employability: A psychological approach. Personnel Review, 43(4), 592–605. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-07-2012-0110

Downloads

Published

05/11/2026

Issue

Section

Research articles

How to Cite

Garrido Torres, M. Á., Vergara Íñigo, P., & Bueno Moreno, M. R. (2026). Preparing for the school-to-work transition: Effects of outdoor training on self-efficacy and perceived employability in university students. Apuntes de Psicología, 44((3), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.70478/apuntes.psi.2026.44.17

Most read articles by the same author(s)